[Clang] Fix -ast-dump-decl-types crashes on concepts (#108142)
Resolve #94928
This PR adds `if (TD->getTemplateDecl())` to prevent `InnerD` becoming
`nullptr`, suggested by @firstmoonlight.
I also add `-ast-dump-decl-types` option and declare type `CHECK` to the
testcase `clang/test/AST/ast-dump-concepts.cpp`.
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Co-authored-by: Aaron Ballman <aaron@aaronballman.com>