[libc][math] Optimize pow 128-bit and 256-bit accurate passes and share exp2_df128. (#237026)
- Refactor 128-bit and 256-bit accurate passes to use multi-tier
fixed-point arithmetic (Frac64, Frac128, Frac256) and share
double_eval::exp2_df128 with exp/exp2/exp10.
- Simplify is_exact_rounding_boundary to operate on normalized (x_e,
x_mant), unify power loops, and replace 64-bit hardware divisions with a
leading-zero bit-width bound.
- Avoid general multi-limb normalization and conversion overhead in
pow_accurate and pow_accurate_256.
Assisted by: Gemini for analysis and refactoring