[libcxx] Optimize `ranges::fold_left_with_iter` for segmented iterators (#177853)
Part of https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/102817.
This patch attempts to optimize the performance of
`ranges::fold_left_with_iter` for segmented iterators.
- before
```
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/8 2.78 ns 2.78 ns 241953718
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/32 12.2 ns 12.2 ns 57579851
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/50 19.2 ns 19.2 ns 36487764
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/8192 3226 ns 3226 ns 216811
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/1048576 441842 ns 441839 ns 1592
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/8 2.83 ns 2.83 ns 243888678
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/32 16.6 ns 16.6 ns 42297458
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/50 22.3 ns 22.3 ns 31387998
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/8192 2492 ns 2492 ns 281637
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/1048576 324936 ns 324936 ns 2154
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/8 2.54 ns 2.54 ns 275946635
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/32 16.2 ns 16.2 ns 42901634
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/50 54.7 ns 54.7 ns 12767450
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/8192 15154 ns 15154 ns 56744
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/1048576 4976906 ns 4976867 ns 158
```
- after
```
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/8 2.74 ns 2.74 ns 255954900
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/32 12.1 ns 12.1 ns 57843462
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/50 19.2 ns 19.2 ns 36422594
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/8192 3202 ns 3202 ns 218265
# | rng::fold_left(vector<int>)/1048576 435718 ns 435709 ns 1609
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/8 2.52 ns 2.52 ns 277288254
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/32 14.1 ns 14.1 ns 52244463
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/50 16.2 ns 16.2 ns 43131857
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/8192 1695 ns 1695 ns 415620
# | rng::fold_left(deque<int>)/1048576 277729 ns 277731 ns 2532
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/8 2.55 ns 2.55 ns 277025050
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/32 16.2 ns 16.2 ns 43058857
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/50 54.7 ns 54.7 ns 12705516
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/8192 15236 ns 15235 ns 56840
# | rng::fold_left(list<int>)/1048576 4827263 ns 4827147 ns 152
```