[libc] Implement getpriority, setpriority, their unit tests; add the accompanying macros and type headers. (#219573)
Testing these is a bit tricky, so:
- For `getpriority`, ensure the call succeeds and round-trip the highest nice
value on Linux (19).
- For `setpriority`, ensure the call succeeds when setting it to the current nice.
- For both, test two failure modes that are easy to stably induce.