[clang][NFC] Add regression test for issue 111378 (#224605)
Added a regression test for
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/111378 in
`SemaCXX/constant-expression-cxx11.cpp`.
The bug itself was fixed in the commit
`dc28f9d087324f77db81e7192648a17ebf036125` which addressed a different
issue.
Verified that the test passes now, and that it fails on commit
`eebb50afaf27961b21847950179febdd20a98866` (previous to the bug fix
commit).
Also verified that the test fails when removing the fix from the current
version of the code.
Fixes #111378