[libc][math] Refactor remainder-remquo family to header-only (#195421)
Refactors the remainder-remquo math family to be header-only.
part of: #147386
Target Functions:
- remainder
- remainderbf16
- remainderf
- remainderf128
- remainderf16
- remainderl
- remquo
- remquobf16
- remquof
- remquof128
- remquof16
- remquol