[libc++] Treat P0513R0 as a defect report against C++11 (#166690)
P0513R0 is essentially a collective resolution paper of LWG2543,
LWG2791, LWG2809, and LWG2817.
Among these LWG issues, LWG2543 (conditionally enabled `hash`) and
LWG2817 (`hash<nullptr_t>`) affect pre-C++17 utilities. We generally
backport changes from LWG issues, so this patch backports the relevant
parts of P0513R0.
Although we provide `hash<unique_ptr>` as an extension in C++03 mode, as
C++03 mode isn't encouraged now, this patch leaves `hash<unique_ptr>`
unchanged in C++03 mode.