[libc] Create syslog.h header and add several symbolic constants. (#216776)
Add the `<syslog.h>` public header. For now, just define the constants
used for options/priority for `openlog` and for severity in `syslog`
functions, but don't implement the functions yet (some client code uses
these constants in a different, application-specific context, without
relying on OS-level syslog facilities).
Since the values of all `LOG_` macros are identical across POSIX
systems, we can define them in a shared llvm-libc-macros/syslog-macros.h
file instead of using OS-specific ones.
Assisted by Gemini, human-reviewed.