[clang-format] Add support for additional C++ declaration specifiers in QualifierOrder (#160853)
Fixes #60866
This PR extends clang-formats `QualifierOrder` option to support
additional C++ declaration specifiers, addressing the limitation where
many common qualifiers were not recognized.
## Problem
Previously, `QualifierOrder` only supported a limited subset of C++
declaration specifiers:
- `const`, `volatile`, `static`, `inline`, `constexpr`, `restrict`,
`friend`
This meant that many common C++ qualifiers like `extern`, `mutable`,
`typedef`, `unsigned`, etc. were not recognized and could not be
properly reordered, limiting the usefulness of the feature.
## Solution
This PR adds support for 11 additional declaration specifiers:
**C++98/C99 specifiers:**
- `typedef` - Type definition specifier
- `extern` - External linkage specifier
- `mutable` - Mutable member specifier
- `signed`, `unsigned` - Integer signedness specifiers
- `long`, `short` - Integer size specifiers
**C++11 specifiers:**
- `thread_local` - Thread-local storage duration specifier
- `explicit` - Explicit constructor/conversion specifier
**C++20 specifiers:**
- `consteval` - Immediate function specifier
- `constinit` - Constant initialization specifier