[libcxx] Optimize std::generate for segmented iterators (#163006)
Part of #102817.
This patch attempts to optimize the performance of `std::generate` for
segmented iterators. Below are the benchmark numbers from
`libcxx\test\benchmarks\algorithms\modifying\generate.bench.cpp`. Test
cases that use segmented iterators have also been added.
- before
```
std::generate(deque<int>)/32 194 ns 193 ns 3733333
std::generate(deque<int>)/50 276 ns 276 ns 2488889
std::generate(deque<int>)/1024 5096 ns 5022 ns 112000
std::generate(deque<int>)/8192 40806 ns 40806 ns 17231
```
- after
```
std::generate(deque<int>)/32 106 ns 105 ns 6400000
std::generate(deque<int>)/50 139 ns 138 ns 4977778
std::generate(deque<int>)/1024 2713 ns 2699 ns 248889
std::generate(deque<int>)/8192 18983 ns 19252 ns 37333
```
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Co-authored-by: A. Jiang <de34@live.cn>