[clang] Document the return value of __builtin_COLUMN (#118360)
PR for issue #78657
Updated clang/docs/LanguageExtensions.rst to detail the return value of
__builtin_COLUMN for this implementation.
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Fyi, this is my first contribution, so please bear with me.
There already appears to be a unit test for __builtin_COLUMN in
clang/test/SemaCXX/source_location.cpp.