[libc][netdb] Implement gai_strerror POSIX function. (#221138)
`gai_strerror` is defined in POSIX and used to provide human-readable
strings for `EAI_*` error codes returned by
`getaddrinfo` and `getnameinfo`.
Provide our implementation via simple switch. Provide string values
based on the POSIX documentation for `EAI_`
values in
https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/basedefs/netdb.h.html,
but shorten them for brevity.