[clang][scan-deps] Add option to disable caching stat failures (#144000)
While the source code isn't supposed to change during a build, in some
environments it does. This adds an option that disables caching of stat
failures, meaning that source files can be added to the build during
scanning.
This adds a `-no-cache-negative-stats` option to clang-scan-deps to
enable this behavior. There are no tests for clang-scan-deps as there's
no reliable way to do so from it. A unit test has been added that
modifies the filesystem between scans to test it.