[libc] Build with -Wdeprecated, fix some warnings (#125373)
While GCC's -Wdeprecated is on by default and doesn't do much,
Clang's -Wdeprecated enables many more things. More apply in
C++20, so switch a test file that tickled one to using that. In
future, C++20 should probably be made the baseline for compiling
all the libc code.