[HLSL][RootSignature] Implement initial parsing of the descriptor table clause params (#133800)
- Defines `ParseDescriptorTableClauseParams` to establish the pattern of
how we will parse parameters in root signatures. Namely, to use
recursive descent parsing in a way that follows closely to the EBNF
notation definition in the root signature spec.
- Implements parsing of two param types: `UInt32` and `Register` to
demonstrate the parsing implementation and allow for unit testing
- Changes the calling convention to use `std::optional` return values
instead of boolean error returns and parameters by reference
Part two of implementing:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/126569
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Co-authored-by: Finn Plummer <finnplummer@microsoft.com>