[libc][linux] add support to parse PT_GNU_PROPERTY (#174772)
In order to add Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) Shadow Stack
(SHSTK) support, we need to parse the `PT_GNU_PROPERTY` program header
and the corresponding section to evaluate if the binary being started
was compiled with the necessary support.
PS: This is my first PR to llvm-libc, I might have made obvious styling
mistakes so I'd appreciate any feedback or suggestions to improve it.
I have a prototype branch using this change to enable SHSTK support:
https://github.com/jakos-sec/llvm-project/tree/add-shstk-support