[clang][Darwin] Simplify deployment version assignment in the Driver (#142013)
To be able to handle all of the ways the platform & deployment version
can be represented in command line flags, the Darwin toolchain holds a
type `DarwinPlatform` to help represent them. This patch simplifies the
logic by:
* reducing the amount of work done between string & version tuples
conversions
* renaming variables to reduce confusion about what target triple
information is being manipulated.
* allowing implicit transformation of macOS10.16 -> 11, there are other
places in the compiler where this happens, and it was a bit confusing
that the driver didn't do that for the cc1 call.
This is not a major refactor, but more simple & common tweaks across the
file, in hopes to make it more readable.