[libc] Add a placeholder for POSIX sys/shm.h header (#237283)
`<sys/shm.h>` is a POSIX header providing the functionality to use the
XSI shared memory facility. Provide this header in LLVM-libc, and
populate a handful of types and macros as required by the latest POSIX
spec in
https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/basedefs/sys_shm.h.html:
* forward-include `<sys/ipc.h>` header
* provide type definitions for several types: pid_t, size_t, time_t,
intptr_t. Also define shmatt_t.
* Define a few `SHM_*` symbolic constants used in `schmat` flags.
No functions provided in the header yet - those would be added in
subsequent PRs.