[mlir][LLVM] Fix verifier crash for llvm.blockaddress with missing function (#181519)
### Whats the Problem
Fix verifier crash in `llvm.blockaddress` when the referenced function
symbol is missing by guarding null before `dyn_cast`.
Adds regression test using `-verify-diagnostics` to ensure invalid IR
emits an error instead of aborting.
### Why it happened
`SymbolTable::lookupNearestSymbolFrom` may return null, and `dyn_cast`
on a non-existent value triggers an assertion in `mlir-opt`.
### Whats the Fix
Split symbol lookup returning early if lookup fails or symbol is not an
`LLVMFuncOp`.
Verifier now reports “expects an existing block label target” instead of
hitting `dyn_cast` assert.
Fixes #181451