[CIR] Implement basic attributes for this/arguments (#182910)
Similar to what I did for return types in #181052, this patch adds
support for 4 of the function attributes on arguments (noundef, nonnull,
dereferenceable, align). The logic for these is all pretty similar
(though SLIGHTLY different enough from eachother unfortunately), so they
are being submitted together. This handles 'this' and normal arguments.