Fix -Wunused-template in assorted LLVM library helpers (NFC) (#202988)
Function templates across a few low-level LLVM libraries trip
`-Wunused-template`. Two kinds of fix here:
- Header templates with internal linkage. `CheckedArithmetic.h`: move
`checkedOp` out of the anonymous namespace into `llvm::detail` and
update its callers. `BitcodeConvenience.h`: drop `static` on `emitOps`.
`MCDCTypes.h`: drop `static` on `getParams`. Templates are implicitly
inline, so this is a linkage-only change.
- Dead code with no callers, removed: `makeNode` in
`ItaniumManglingCanonicalizer.cpp` (a base-class helper shadowed by the
derived class), `addDirectiveHandler` in `GOFFAsmParser.cpp`, and
`getWithDefault` in `ResourceFileWriter.cpp`.
NFC.
Part of #202945.