[lldb][DWARFASTParserClang] Complete and make use of LLVM's RTTI support (#170249)
We almost had RTTI support for `DWARFASTParserClang`, but because
`classof` was protected, using `llvm::cast`/etc. on it would fail to
compile with:
```
llvm/include/llvm/Support/Casting.h:64:57: error: 'classof' is a protected member of 'DWARFASTParserClang'
64 | static inline bool doit(const From &Val) { return To::classof(&Val); }
| ^
llvm/include/llvm/Support/Casting.h:110:32: note: in instantiation of member function 'llvm::isa_impl<DWARFASTParserClang, lldb_private::plugin::dwarf::DWARFASTParser>::doit' requested here
110 | return isa_impl<To, From>::doit(*Val);
```
This patch makes `classof` public and turns `static_cast`s of
`DWARFASTParserClang` into `llvm::cast`s.