[Clang] Fix the template argument collection after CWG2369 (#147894)
Since the function template isn't instantiated before constraint
checking, we'll not be able to find the outer template arguments through
function specialization when evaluating the inner constraint that is
nested within a larger constraint expression.
The only practical solution is to get them back through the code
synthesis context, which also allows us to eliminate an overload of
getTemplateInstantiationArgs.
No release note because it's a regression on trunk.
Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/147772