[libc] Move __LLVM_LIBC__ define to __llvm-libc-common.h (#126877)
Relying on features.h is problematic since codebases are free to have
such a header on their search path, which breaks compilation. libc
should instead provide a more standard way of getting __LLVM_LIBC__.
Since __llvm-libc-common.h is included from all libc headers, defining
__LLVM_LIBC__ there ensures that this define is available whenever any
of the standard header is included.