[mlir][MemRef] Add support for emulating narrow floats (#148036)
This enables memref.load/store + vector.load/store support for sub-byte
float types. Since the memref types don't matter for loads/stores, we
still use the same types as integers with equivalent widths, with a few
extra bitcasts needed around certain operations.
There is no direct change needed for vector.load/store support. The
tests added for them are to verify that float types are
supported as well.