[libc] Add missing standard and Linux header macros (#211862)
Add missing header macro constants:
* endian-macros.h: __BYTE_ORDER, __LITTLE_ENDIAN, and __BIG_ENDIAN
* sys-stat-macros.h: S_IREAD, S_IWRITE, S_IEXEC, and ACCESSPERMS
* limits-macros.h: _POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX and HOST_NAME_MAX
* unistd-macros.h: TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY
POSIX.1-2017 specifies _POSIX_HOST_NAME_MAX as 255. The Linux
gethostname(2) man page specifies HOST_NAME_MAX as 64. The
double-underscore byte order macros and TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY macro follow
the Linux and GNU C library conventions.
Assisted-by: Automated tooling, human reviewed.