[Clang] Don't give up on an unsuccessful function instantiation (#126723)
For constexpr function templates, we immediately instantiate them upon
reference. However, if the function isn't defined at the time of
instantiation, even though it might be defined later, the instantiation
would forever fail.
This patch corrects the behavior by popping up failed instantiations
through PendingInstantiations, so that we are able to instantiate them
again in the future (e.g. at the end of TU.)
Fixes https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/125747