[libc++] Define behaviour for calling target() and target_type() on -fno-rtti std::functions (#209471)
The main aim of this change is to have the same vtable between
`-fno-rtti` and `-frtti`. Since it's very cheap to do, this also asserts
if the `function` object was created in `-fno-rtti` mode.
The vtable can be extended, since the members are either never accessed
in `-fno-rtti` mode, or are already expected to exist in `-frtti` mode.
This means that we either define behaviour that wasn't before, or we add
some extra bytes that are never accessed.