Reland "[Clang] Load pass plugins before parsing LLVM options" (#171868)
This permits pass plugins to use llvm::cl::opt. Additionally, add a test
of -fpass-plugin, this was previously not tested at all.
I'm not sure whether using the LLVM Bye.so in the tests is possible this
way (e.g., if Clang is built standalone).
Reland after #173279.
Pull Request: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/173287