[sanitizer] Refactor -f(no-)?sanitize-recover parsing (#119819)
This moves the -f(no-)?sanitize-recover parsing into a generic
parseSanitizerArgs function, and then applies it to parse
-f(no-)?sanitize-recover and -f(no-)?sanitize-trap.
N.B. parseSanitizeTrapArgs does *not* remove non-TrappingSupported
arguments. This maintains the legacy behavior of '-fsanitize=undefined
-fsanitize-trap=undefined' (clang/test/Driver/fsanitize.c), which is
that vptr is not enabled at all (not even in recover mode) in order to
avoid the need for a ubsan runtime.