[libc++][math] Provide overloads for cv-unqualified floating point types for `std::signbit` (#106566)
## Why
Following up on https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/105946, this
patch provides the floating point overloads for `std::signbit` as
defined by
[P0533R9](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p0533r9.pdf).
## What
* Test and add overloads for cv-unqualified floating point types
* Remove constrained overload as it is not needed anymore
* Make use of `template<class = void>` as the universal C runtime (UCRT)
needed for Clang-Cl comes with overloads for all cv-unqualified floating
point types (float, double, long double) for `std::signbit()` by itself
[in the
WinSDK](https://github.com/microsoft/win32metadata/blob/e012b29924c53aa941fc010850b68331b0c3ea80/generation/WinSDK/RecompiledIdlHeaders/ucrt/corecrt_math.h#L309-L322).
In a certain way, this can be seen as a deviation from the C standard.
We need to work around it as the compilation would otherwise error out
due to duplicated definitions.