[clang-format] Handle Trailing Whitespace After Line Continuation (P2223R2) (#145243)
Fixes #145226.
Implement
[P2223R2](https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2021/p2223r2.pdf)
in clang-format to correctly handle cases where a backslash '\\' is
followed by trailing whitespace before the newline.
Previously, `clang-format` failed to properly detect and handle such
cases, leading to misformatted code.
With this, `clang-format` matches the behavior already implemented in
Clang's lexer and `DependencyDirectivesScanner.cpp`, which allow
trailing whitespace after a line continuation in any C++ standard.