[clang-tidy] Reject malformed -std spellings in `check_clang_tidy.py`. NFC. (#195609)
`check_clang_tidy.py` expanded any `-std` value containing `-or-later`,
even when extra text followed the suffix. e.g. `c++20-or-latermisc` was
treated like `c++20-or-later`.
This commit requires `-or-later` to be the actual end of the spelling
before expanding it, so malformed values are passed through and
diagnosed by clang.