[C] Fix a false-positive with tentative defn compat (#139738)
C++ has a carve-out that makes a declaration with 'extern' explicitly
specified and no initializer be a declaration rather than a definition.
We now account for that to silence a diagnostic with:
```
extern const int i;
const int i = 12;
```
which is valid C++.
Addresses an issue that was brought up via post-commit review.