[libc++][memory] Applied `[[nodiscard]]` to more functions (#172131)
`[[nodiscard]]` should be applied to functions where discarding the
return value is most likely a correctness issue.
- https://libcxx.llvm.org/CodingGuidelines.html
- https://wg21.link/allocator.traits
- https://wg21.link/specialized.addressof
- https://wg21.link/ptr.align
- https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4659/depr.default.allocator
- https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4659/depr.storage.iterator
Towards #172124