[clang-format] Fix crash on numeric literals with an incomplete exponent (#206594)
NumericLiteralInfo could read into tokens out of bounds due to the token
processing assuming well-formed numeric literals and incrementing
pointers to read past them. The fix properly bounds the searches to the
token size via std::min and accounts for the new trimmed string size.
Fixes #206593
Used Claude Code for help with identifying the source of the bug and
checking correctness with fuzzing, wrote the solution myself