[clang] implement CWG2064: ignore value dependence for decltype
The 'decltype' for a value-dependent (but non-type-dependent) should be known,
so this patch makes them non-opaque instead.
This patch also implements what's neceessary to allow overloading
on pure differences in instantiation dependence, making `std::void_t`
usable for SFINAE purposes.
This also readds a few test cases from da98651, which was a previous attempt
at resolving CWG2064.
Fixes #8740
Fixes #61818
Fixes #190388