[SPIRV][NFC] Add test that triggers ASAN failure
This test is reduced from a failure detected after attempting to merge
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/178143.
Without ASAN the test passes. `spirv-val` fails likely due to an
unimplemented feature in `spirv-val` (assuming our implementation is
correct).
stack-info: PR: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/182550, branch: users/jmmartinez/spirv/memory-issues-2