[libc] Template relevant __support/integer_to_string.h types on character type. (#229463)
This is part of the ongoing work toward implementing wide-character
printf functions.
* `IntegerToString` gets a new template type in a straightforward way.
* `StringBufferWriterImpl` is simplified and renamed to one of its prior
aliases: `BackwardStringBufferWriter`. The "forward" functionality is
removed along with the `StringBufferWriter` alias. This type was added
three years ago, and the "forward" code paths along with some of the
member functions have since been dead code.
Assisted-by: Automated tooling, human reviewed.