[js/web/training] added end-to-end tests (#18700)
## Summary
* following inference's [set-up for end-to-end
tests](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/tree/main/js/web/test/e2e),
created an end-to-end test runner for training
* this test runner copies testdata from the [trainingapi
folder](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/tree/main/onnxruntime/test/testdata/training_api)
* then runs two tests (training session with evalModel & optimizer
model, and training session with the minimum options), and tests if the
ORT-web training package encompasses inference
* these tests check
* createTrainingSession
* runTrainStep
* runOptimizerStep if applicable
* the parameters methods (getParametersSize, loadParametersBuffer, and
getContiguousParameters)
## TL;DR
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/run.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-c1359c4d401f9ba69e937814219cefe5fd11b151a6ffd084c641af3c82e8216c)
is responsible for setting up and running the end to end tests
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/common.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-ee5452491b7b2563d175d13d81d10f2323b12b18589aa4c5798962a8b904a4a8)
contains the test function definitions (`testInferenceFunction`,
`testTrainingFunctionMin`, `testTrainingFunctionAll`)
## Flow
* entrypoint: user runs the following command in the terminal: `npm run
test:training:e2e`
*
[`js/web/package.json`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-79275844e75c3c410bb3a71c7f59b2b633e5a3e975c804ffc47220025084da28)
was modified to include an npm script that will run `run.js` which will
run the end to end tests
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/run.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-c1359c4d401f9ba69e937814219cefe5fd11b151a6ffd084c641af3c82e8216c)
is responsible for
* detecting and installing local tarball packages of ORT-web
* copying training data to the `js/web/training/e2e/data` folder
* starting two Karma processes. Karma is a test runner framework that
simulates testing in the browser.
* In this case, the tests happen in Chrome. We can configure the tests
to run in Edge and other browsers in the future.
* one of these karma processes is self-hosted, meaning it pulls the
ORT-web package from local
* the other karma process is not self-hosted, meaning it pulls the
ORT-web package from another source. In this case, we start an http
server that serves the ORT-web binaries.
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/simple-http-server.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-f798ab485f3ec26c299fe5b2923574c9e4b090200ba20d490bbf6c183286993c)
is responsible for starting the HTTP server and serving the ORT binary
files. This code almost identical to the same code in the inference E2E
tests.
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/karma.conf.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-436cfe8f670c768a04895bd4a1874a5e033f85e0e2d84941c62ff1f7c30a9f28)
Karma configuration file that specifies what happens when a karma
process is started. The config specifies Mocha as the testing framework,
which will go through all the loaded files and run any tests that exist
*
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/browser-test-wasm.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-13b6155e106dddc7b531ef671186e69b2aadb8a0f4b2f3001db0991567d78221)
File that contains the tests that Mocha will pick up on and run.
* The test functions (such as testInference and testTrainingFunctionAll)
are defined in
[`js/web/test/training/e2e/common.js`](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/compare/main...carzh:onnxruntime:carzh/training-e2e-runner?expand=1#diff-ee5452491b7b2563d175d13d81d10f2323b12b18589aa4c5798962a8b904a4a8).
## Notes
* I followed the [tests for training
core](https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/blob/b023de0bfc7acb2404dfdcc4adc060b7b72fdaa1/orttraining/orttraining/test/training_api/core/training_api_tests.cc)
where they randomly generated input for the training session
* E2E tests are triggered by running `npm run test:training:e2e` --
suggestions for alternative script names are appreciated!!!
## Motivation and Context
- adding training bindings for web
