Handle optimizer size overflow without exceptions (#32875)
### Description
Use checked arithmetic for output-size estimates in constant folding and
for MobileClip attention hidden-size calculation. Reject values that
overflow (including QKV dimensions) rather than relying on SafeInt
exceptions. Keep kernel failure logging compatible with
exception-disabled builds.
### Motivation and Context
Size estimation is used to decide whether to fold a constant or fuse a
graph pattern. Overflow should leave the node unfused without a large
allocation or an exception-dependent failure path.
### Validation
- Windows Release: built onnxruntime_test_all locally; 34
constant-folding and MobileClip tests passed, two CUDA-only tests
skipped.
- Added a ConstantOfShape overflow regression that verifies the node
remains unfused.
- Compiled the affected optimizer translation units with
ORT_NO_EXCEPTIONS defined in a targeted clang-cl syntax check. This is
not a full no-exceptions build: the supported ORT configuration requires
minimal build, and compiling non-minimal ONNX headers with compiler
exceptions disabled fails in those dependency headers.
