[nodejs binding] Fix building in latest clang (#23146)
### Description
This change fixes the build break for Node.js binding on latest
AppleClang:
```
...tensor_helper.cc:65:5 error: integer value -1 is outside of the valid range of values [0,15] for the enumeration type 'napi_typedarray_type' [-Wenum-constexpr-conversion]
```
Use the underlying type of enum `napi_typedarray_type` for
`DATA_TYPE_TYPEDARRAY_MAP` to solve this issue.
Because the underlying type is implementation defined (it's `int` for
MSVC and `unsigned int` for Clang), we use `std::underlying_type_t` to
get the correct type.
