[js/webgpu] Optimize convtranspose (#23302)
### Description
<!-- Describe your changes. -->
BUG #23273
With this change, I see the convTranspose time in that bug becomes ~7s
from ~90s on my Meteor Lake.
This PR does below things:
1. Use stride to update the increasement in the loop.
In the bug, the stride is 1024, which can greatly reduce the loop times.
2. Support components for A to reduce the memory access times.
3. When output channels is 1, the b components can be same with A to
further reduce the memory access times.
