[CUDA] Update Docker to use Ubuntu 24.04, cuda 12.6, cudnn 9.4 and python 3.12 (#22339)
### Description
Serve as example to build and run onnxruntime-gpu with latest software
stack.
To build docker image:
```
git clone https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime
cd onnxruntime/dockerfiles
docker build -t onnxruntime-cuda -f Dockerfile.cuda ..
```
To launch the docker image built from previous step (and mount the code
directory to run a unit test below):
```
cd ..
docker run --rm -it --gpus all -v $PWD:/code onnxruntime-cuda /bin/bash
```
Then run the following in docker image to verify that the cuda provider
is good:
```
python /code/onnxruntime/test/python/onnxruntime_test_python_cudagraph.py
```
### Motivation and Context
https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/issues/22335