[CORE]: Improve filesystem error messages during Linux device discovery (#27289)
### Description
<!-- Describe your changes. -->
This is a follow-up to
https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/pull/26210
to address
https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/pull/26210#discussion_r2693897142
and review dog lints.
ErrorCodeToStatus currently does not include the filesystem path that
caused the error. This could it make difficult to know the root cause
of a reported filesystem error.
Review dog lints:
https://github.com/microsoft/onnxruntime/pull/26210/changes
Plus a typo: `dit` -> `did`
### Motivation and Context
<!-- - Why is this change required? What problem does it solve?
- If it fixes an open issue, please link to the issue here. -->
Clean up discussed issues and lints of #26210