[CI] feat: use ccache & vcpkg cache for linux workflows (#27623)
### Description
Enable ccache and vcpkg caching for Linux workflows that use
`reusable_linux_build.yml`. Saves about ~15-20 min on a 100% cache hit.
Also parallelises tests. Saves ~6 minutes.
Additionally, enable vcpkg and ccache for other Linux workflows. No
numbers avail for comparison.
### Motivation and Context
This change reduces wasted CO2 and time.
### Known Issues
Benign - Android workflow doesn't seem to be populating its ccache.