[ios] Enable `--use_extensions` with custom built iOS pod (#16711)
- Fix link errors by including the needed onnxruntime-extensions libraries in the static framework.
- Add Objective-C API to register custom ops from embedded onnxruntime-extensions.
Caveat: Not all onnxruntime-extensions build options are working yet. E.g., building with the onnxruntime-extensions OpenCV dependency does not work.