gh-36452: `make sagemath_categories-check`, `make pypi-wheels-check`
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We add `make` targets for testing wheel-building script packages that
have already been installed. For example:
```
$ make SAGE_WHEELS=yes sagemath_categories # builds and stores (but
does not install) a wheel
$ make sagemath_categories-check # tests the wheel using tox
```
The target `make pypi-wheels-check` calls all of them. We restructure
the Build & Test CI so that all tests are run after build has been
completed. Later, as a follow up of this and #36446, we can store the
result of Build as a container image and then parallelize the various
tests on top of it.
This is implemented on top of an improvement of how we record
information on our wheels.
```
$ cat venv/var/lib/sage/scripts/sagemath_categories/spkg-
requirements.txt
sagemath_categories @ file:///Users/mkoeppe/s/sage/sage-
rebasing/worktree-algebraic-2018-spring/local/var/lib/sage/venv-python3.
11/var/lib/sage/wheels/sagemath_categories-10.2b6-cp311-cp311-
macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl
```
Previously, this information was only known during the execution of the
`spkg-install` script.
In a follow-up, we can address #30956 by delaying the wheel installation
to spkg-postinst.
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URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/36452
Reported by: Matthias Köppe
Reviewer(s): Kwankyu Lee, Matthias Köppe
