gh-37476: Add free disk space option to Docker build `default`
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Extracts from https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37351 the important
and uncontroversal parts. Fixes the build errors of the default run:
https://github.com/sagemath/sage/actions/runs/8037559468/job/21952518852
Closes #37330.
Author: @mkoeppe
Reviewer: @tobiasdiez
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URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37476
Reported by: Tobias Diez
Reviewer(s): Tobias Diez
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