gh-37826: FreeModuleAutomorphism: Add more invariants
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We add more methods that complement the existing methods `det` and
`trace`, by delegating to the existing methods of Sage matrices.
This is parallel to what is done for ModulesWithBasis in:
- #37731
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### :hourglass: Dependencies
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URL: https://github.com/sagemath/sage/pull/37826
Reported by: Matthias Köppe
Reviewer(s): Eric Gourgoulhon, Matthias Köppe, Travis Scrimshaw
